The main periodontal diseases are gingivitis and periodontitis. These diseases and conditions affect the tissues that support the teeth—namely, the gums and bone.

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums around the teeth. This condition is reversible when treated.

Periodontitis, on the other hand, is a more severe disease that damages the gums and the bone supporting the teeth.

Periodontal diseases are infections caused by the accumulation of harmful bacteria and their toxins along the gumline around the teeth. The condition can be worsened by several factors, including tartar buildup, smoking, genetics, stress, diabetes and certain medications.

The most effective ways to help prevent these diseases include meticulous oral hygiene—brushing, flossing and using interdental brushes—quitting smoking, and visiting your dentist regularly for scaling, X-rays and follow-up examinations.

Periodontitis is characterized by loss of bone support and separation of the gums from the teeth, leading to the formation of periodontal pockets. Periodontitis is often painless. However, patients may notice bleeding gums, swelling, gum recession, shifting teeth and sometimes bad breath. As the disease progresses, the teeth can become loose. Untreated periodontitis may eventually lead to tooth loss.

Periodontal disease is screened for during routine recall visits with your dentist. A simple screening examination can help identify patients with periodontal problems. Depending on the findings, several treatments may be considered. When periodontal involvement is confirmed, the dentist performs a more complete examination of the periodontium to assess the texture and colour of the gums, as well as the quality and quantity of bone. Pocket depths and gum recession around each tooth are measured, and X-rays are required to complete the assessment. This comprehensive evaluation helps establish a diagnosis, identify contributing factors and develop a treatment plan suited to the condition of your gums, with the goal of improving your oral health.